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In microbiology and infectious-disease work, culture has been the gold standard for over a century. But now, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is becoming more common. The question: can mNGS truly replace culture in diagnostics and research? What are Culture and mNGS? Culture means growing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, sometimes parasites) on media (plates, broth) under lab conditions. After growth, you identify the organism and often measure antibiotic sensitivity.     …

Proteins are the workhorses of cellular biology, performing a wide array of functions that are essential for life. While the genetic code determines the primary amino acid sequence of proteins, their final functionality is often modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). These modifications, which occur after protein synthesis, can alter the chemical properties, localization, activity, and interaction patterns of proteins. PTMs introduce a hidden layer of regulation, adding versatilit …

Proteins are fundamental biomolecules that drive virtually every biological process within an organism. From catalyzing chemical reactions to providing structural support, the diverse roles of proteins depend heavily on their specific structures. The axiom "structure dictates function" applies most strongly in the field of protein biochemistry, where even a minor change in a protein’s conformation can have significant consequences on its function. Understanding the structure-function relationshi …

Proteins are the key molecules responsible for virtually every process in the cell, and many of their functions depend on interactions with other proteins. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form the fundamental basis of cellular networks, creating the building blocks of cellular machinery. These interactions are essential for processes such as signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and the structural integrity of cells. Understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of PPIs is crucial to decodi …

Introduction Enzymes, the biological catalysts that drive countless reactions within living organisms, play a pivotal role in modern biotechnology. These proteins speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process, making them indispensable tools in research and industrial applications. Understanding how enzymes function and their applications can provide insight into their critical role in advancing biotechnology. Enzyme Basics Enzymes are proteins that facilitate biochemi …